MASTER OF EDUCATION (2019/2020)
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND CHILDCARE
FACULTY OF ARTS AND CULTURE
EASTERN UNIVERSITY, SRILANKA.
ASSIGNMENT
- 01
INRODUCTION TO
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
I & II
MCC - 201
INDEX NO : EU/ PGS/M.Ed/305
tpdhf;fs;
1) .fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpd;tUk; Topology tiffspd;
mD$yq;fs; kw;Wk; gpujp$yq;fs; vd;gtw;iw tpupthf Muha;f
I. Bus Topology
II. Ring Topolog
III. Star Topology
IV. Tree Topology
V. Mesh Topology
2)
.21k; E}w;whz;by; ,izaj;jpdhy; jw;NghJ fpilf;fg;ngWk;
Nritfis/gad;fis gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fs; nfhz;L
Muha;f.
I.
Education
II.
Health
III.
Society
tpilfs;
1)
I
Bus Topology (ghl;il tbt tiyaikg;ghf;fy;)
g];
nel;nthu;f;fpy; xU N`h];l; xU epiyak; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. xU g];
nel;nthu;f;fpy;> xt;nthU epiyaKk; midj;J nel;nthu;f; Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk;
ngWk;> NkYk; xt;nthU epiyaj;jhYk; cUthf;fg;gLk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F rkkhd
gupkhw;w Kd;Dupik cs;sJ. xU g]; nel;nthu;f; xw;iw nel;nthu;f; gpupT kw;Wk;
Nkhjy; fsj;ij cUthf;FfpwJ. Kidfs; g];i]g; gfpu;tjw;F> mit Nfupau;-nrd;];
ky;bgps; mf;r]; (rpv];vk;V) my;yJ g]; kh];lu; Nghd;w eLj;ju mZfy; fl;Lg;ghl;L
njhopy;El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
gpujhd
tlj;jpD}lhf vy;yhj; njhLg;GfisAk; Vw;gLj;jp tiyaikg;ghf;fiy ,t;thW fhl;lyhk;.
,t;tlj;jpy; Vw;gLk; xOq;fpd;ik vJTk; tiyaikg;gpy; cs;s vy;yhf; fzpdpfisAk;
ghjpf;fyhk;. tlj;jpd; ,U me;jq;fspYk; Kbg;ghd;fs; (Terminator) fhzg;gLk;. mJ Nghd;W ,t;tbtikg;G kpf vspjhifahy; ,q;F
Fiwe;j msT tlq;fs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F tiuaWj;j vz;zpf;ifapyhd fzpdpfis
khj;jpuNk njhLf;fhyhk;.
,J rpy
tiyiag;Gf;fspy; juTg; nghjpfspy; Nkhjw; jtpu;G Af;jpiaf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
ngUk;ghyhd tiyiag;Gf;fspy; gy; mZf;fj;jpw;fhd fhtpia czUk; (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) njhopy;
El;gj;ijNa nfhz;Ls;sd. ,g;nghOJ fk;gpapizg;Gf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; ,ijf;
iftpl;Ltpl;lhYk; fk;gpaw;w ,izg;Gf;fs; (Wireless) ,izg;Gf;fs; ghl;il ,izg;Gf;fshff; fUjyhk;. ghl;ilj;
tiyaikg;gpy; NeubahfNt Gjpa rhjdq;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
mD$yq;fs;
·
cq;fsplk; xU rpwpa gpizak; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ ,J ed;whf Ntiy
nra;fpwJ.
·
fzpdpfs; my;yJ rhjdq;fis xU Neupay; ghzpapy; ,izg;gjw;fhd
vspjhd gpiza ,ltpay; ,J.
·
,jw;F el;rj;jpu ,ltpay; tpl Fiwthd Nfgps; ePsk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ.
·
xU fzpdp my;yJ Gwj;ij xU Neupay;
g];]{ld; ,izf;f vspjhdJ.
·
el;rj;jpu ,ltpaiy tpl Fiwthd
Nfgps; ePsk; Njit.
gpujp$yq;fs;
·
KO nel;nthu;f;Fk; nraypoe;jhy; rpf;fy;fis milahsk; fhz;gJ
fbdk;.
·
jdpg;gl;l rhjd rpf;fy;fis rupnra;a fbdkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
·
ngupa nel;nthu;f;FfSf;F g]; ,ltpay; rpwe;jJ my;y.
·
gpujhd Nfgpspd; ,U KidfSf;Fk; nlu;kpNdl;lu;fs; Njit.
·
$Ljy; rhjdq;fs; gpizaj;ij nkJthf;Ffpd;wd.
·
xU Kf;fpa Nfgps; Nrjkile;jhy;> gpizak; Njhy;tpailfpwJ
my;yJ ,uz;lhf gpupf;fpwJ.
·
ghl;il tiyiag;ghdJ gy;NtW thq;fpfis xd;whf ,izg;gjw;F
,yFthd topKiwahf ,Ue;jhYk; xNu Neuj;jpy; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l thq;fpfs; njhlu;gpid
Nkw;nfhs;s Kad;why; juTg; nghjpfs; (Data packets) Nkhjypw;F cs;shFk;.
·
gpujhd Nfgpspy;
,ilntsp ,Ue;jhy; KO nel;nthu;f;Fk; %lg;gLk;.
·
KJnfYk;G Nfgpspd;
,U KidfspYk; nlu;kpNdl;lu;fs; Njit.
·
Network
KO nel;nthu;f;Fk; %lg;gl;lhy; rpf;fiy milahsk;
fhz;gJ fbdk;.
·
Stand jdpj;j jPu;thfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; Fwpf;ftpy;iy.
II Ring Topology (tisa tbt tiyaikg;G)
upq; Nlhghy[p tuyhW
fle;j fhyj;jpy;> nel;nthu;f;Ffs; rpwpajhf ,Ue;j
gs;spfs;> mYtyfq;fs; kw;Wk; rpwpa fl;blq;fspy; upq; Nlhghy[p nghJthfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,d;W> Nkk;gl;l nray;jpwd;> ];jpuj;jd;ik
my;yJ MjuTf;fhf kw;nwhU tif nel;nthu;f; Nlhghy[pf;F khw;wg;gl;ljhy;> upq;
Nlhghy[p vg;NghjhtJ gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
tisa tiyaikg;gpy; ve;j ,uz;L ,izg;gpw;Fk; xNu topNa cs;sjhy; Xu;
me;jj;jpy; (Node) cs;s ,izg;G gOjile;jhy; KOtiyaikg;GNk ghjpg;gilAk;.
fz;zhbapiofShlhfj; juTg; gupkhw;wj;jpy; (FDDI) tiyaikg;gpy;
gpio Vw;gLk; NghJ kzpf;$l;Lj; jpirahfTk; mjw;F vjpu;j; jpirahfTk; juT
mDg;gLtjhy; ,e;jg; gpur;rpid mq;F ,y;iy. ,J C tisa tiyaikg;G my;yJ Igpvk;
Nlhf;fpd; wpq; tiyaikg;G vdg;gLk; ,q;F ngsjPf uPjpahf (Physically) tpz;kPd;
tiyaikg;G khjpup eLtpy; fzpdp
,J njhlf;fKk; KbTk; ,y;yhjJ kw;Wk; Nkhjpu ,ltpaypy; Kidaq;fs;
Njitapy;iy. rpf;dy;fs; xU tisaj;jpy; xU jpirapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ mit xU
fzpdpapypUe;J mLj;j fzpdpf;Fr; nry;fpd;wd> xt;nthU fzpdpAk; rkpf;iQia
kPz;Lk; cUthf;Ffpd;wd> ,jdhy; mJ Njitahd J}uj;ij gazpf;Fk;.
upq;
Nlhghy[papd; ed;ikfs;
·
,jd; Kf;fpa ed;ik vd;dntd;why;> nel;nthu;f;fpy; gq;Nfw;Fk; xt;nthU gzpepiyaKk;
gytPdkhd rkpf;iQia kPz;Lk; cUthf;Ftjw;F nghWg;ghFk; vd;gjhy; rkpf;iQ rpijT
Fiwthf cs;sJ.
·
vy;yh juTk; xU jpirapy; gha;fpwJ> ,J ghf;nfl; Nkhjy;fSf;fhd
tha;g;igf; Fiwf;fpwJ.
·
xt;nthU gzpepiyaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd gpiza ,izg;igf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j gpiza Nritafk; Njitapy;iy.
·
gzpepiyaq;fSf;F ,ilapy; mjpf Ntfj;jpy; juT khw;w KbAk;.
·
nel;nthu;f;fpd; nray;jpwid ghjpf;fhky; $Ljy;
gzpepiyaq;fisr; Nru;f;fyhk;.
upq; Nlhghy[papd;
jPikfs;
·
upq; Nlhghy[papd;
jPik vd;dntd;why;> xU gzpepiyak;
Njhy;tpAw;why;> KO nel;nthu;f;Fk; Njhy;tpailAk;
·
nel;nthu;f;fpy; khw;wg;gLk; midj;J juTk; nel;nthu;f;fpy;
cs;s xt;nthU gzpepiyaj;ijAk; fle;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;> ,J el;rj;jpu ,ltpaiy tpl
nkJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
·
xU gzpepiyak; %lg;gl;lhy; KO nel;nthu;f;Fk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
·
xt;nthU gzpepiyaj;ijAk; gpizaj;Jld; ,izf;fj; Njitahd
td;nghUs; <j;ju;nel; ml;ilfs; kw;Wk; ikaq;fs; / Rtpl;Rfis tpl tpiy mjpfk;.
III Star Topology (cL tiyaikg;G)
xU el;rj;jpu nel;nthu;f;fpy;> gpizaj;jpy; cs;s xt;nthU rhjdKk; mjd;
nrhe;j Nfgpisf; nfhz;Ls;sd> mJ xU Rtpl;r; my;yJ ikaj;Jld; ,izfpwJ. xU ikak;
xt;nthU rhjdj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU ghf;nfl; juitAk; mDg;GfpwJ> mNjrkak; xU
Rtpl;r; ,yf;F rhjdj;jpw;F xU ghf;nfl; juit kl;LNk mDg;GfpwJ.
midj;J
Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; el;rj;jpuj;jpd; ikaj;jpypUe;J ntspg;gLfpwJ. mjDld; ,izf;fg;gl;l
midj;J Kidfspd; ika jsKk; fl;Lg;ghl;by; cs;sJ. ika ikak; nghJthf Ntfkhd>
jd;dpiwthd fzpdpahFk;> NkYk; midj;J Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; kw;w KidfSf;F jp irjpUg;g
nghWg;ghFk;. xU el;rj;jpu nel;nthu;f;fpd; Kf;fpa ed;ikfs; vd;dntd;why;> xU
nrayw;w Kid gpizaj;jpd; kw;w gFjpfis ghjpf;fhJ. ,Ug;gpDk; ,e;j tif nel;nthu;f;
kj;jpa jsj;jpy; rpf;fy; kw;Wk; Njhy;tp rpf;fy;fSf;F Mshff;$Lk;.
xU
el;rj;jpu nel;nthu;f; ngUk;ghYk; g]; ,ltpaYld; ,izf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpd;du; ika
ikak; NgUe;jpd; KJnfYk;Gld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j fyitia xU kuk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
cL tiyaikg;gpd; mD$yq;fs;
§ Fiwe;j tpiy>
Vnddpy; xt;nthU rhjdj;jpw;Fk; xU I / O Nghu;l; kl;LNk Njitg;gLfpwJ kw;Wk; xU
,izg;Gld; ikaj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
§ epWt vspjhdJ
§ xt;nthU
rhjdj;ijAk; ikaj;Jld; kl;LNk ,izf;f Ntz;bapUg;gjhy; Fiwe;j msT Nfgps;fs; Njit.
§ tYthd> xU
,izg;G Njhy;tpAw;why;> kw;w ,izg;Gfs; ed;whf Ntiy nra;Ak;.
§ vspjhd jtW
fz;lwpjy; Vnddpy; ,izg;ig vspjhf milahsk; fhz KbAk;.
§
,J kpfTk; ek;gfkhdJ - xU Nfgps; my;yJ rhjdk;
Njhy;tpAw;why;> kw;w midj;Jk; njhlu;e;J nray;gLk;
§
juT Nkhjy;fs;
vJTk; Vw;glhJ vd;gjhy; ,J mjpf nray;jpwd; nfhz;lJ
cL tiyaikg;gpd; jPikfs;
§
,e;j tif nel;nthu;f;
kpfTk; Nfgpisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; epWTtJ tpiy cau;e;jJ (gpiza Nfgps; tpiy
cau;e;jJ)
§
`g; fPNo nrd;why; vy;yhk; fPNo Ngha;tpLk;> ve;j
rhjdq;fSk; `g; ,y;yhky; Ntiy nra;a KbahJ.
§
ikaj;jpw;F mjpf tsq;fSk; tof;fkhd guhkupg;Gk;
Njitg;gLfpwJ> Vnddpy; ,J el;rj;jpu ,ltpaypd; ika mikg;G.
§
$Ljy; td;nghUs;
Njitg;gLfpwJ (`g;]; my;yJ Rtpl;Rfs;) ,J nryit mjpfupf;Fk;
§
xU ikak; my;yJ
Rtpl;r; Njhy;tpAw;why;> mjDld; ,izf;fg;gl;l vy;yh rhjdq;fSf;Fk; gpiza ,izg;G
,Uf;fhJ.
IV Tree Topology (ku tiyaikg;G)
fzpdp
nel;nthu;f;Ffspy;> xU ku ,ltpay; xU el;rj;jpu g]; ,ltpay; vd;Wk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J g]; ,ltpay; kw;Wk; el;rj;jpu ,ltpay; Mfpa ,uz;bd; $WfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ. fPNo xU ku ,ltpay; xU gpiza tiuglk; cs;sJ> ,jpy; ,uz;L
el;rj;jpu nel;nthu;f;Ffspd; ika Kidfs;
xd;NwhL xd;W ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ku ,ltpay;
vd;gJ> el;rj;jpu ,ltpay; kw;Wk; g]; ,ltpay; Mfpatw;wpd; fyitahFk;. ku
,ltpaypy;> mbg;gil g]; nel;nthu;f; ,ltpaypd; Kidfs; xU KOikahd el;rj;jpu
,ltpay; %yk; khw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
kuk;
nel;nthu;f; Nlhghy[p \hu;l; igl;Lfs;: l;uP Nlhghy[p g]; kw;Wk; ];lhu;
Nlhghy[papypUe;J mjd; Ntu;fisg; ngWfpwJ. xU ku ,ltpay; nghJthf nel;nthu;f;
Nlhghy[p gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;whYk;> ,uz;L nel;nthu;f;FfSf;F ,ilapy;
mstpLjy; my;yJ gbepiy njhlu;G mikg;G Njitg;gLk;NghJ rpy R+o;epiyfspy; ,J
gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ. vq;fs; nel;nthu;f; LNlhupay; topfhl;bapy; ehk; tpthjpf;fg;
NghFk; mLj;j jiyg;G kuk; ,ltpay;. kuj;jpd; ,ltpay; gw;wp NkYk; mwpe;J
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Ke;ija
fl;Liufspy; g]; Nlhghy[p> ];lhu; Nlhghy[p> upq; Nlhghy[p kw;Wk; nk\;
Nlhghy[p Mfpatw;iw gy;NtW tifahd nel;nthu;f; Nlhghy[pfspd; fPo; cs;slf;fpa
gpwF> ehk; ku nel;nthu;f; Nlhghy[pf;F Kd;Ndw Ntz;ba Neuk; te;Jtpl;lJ.
ku tiyaikg;gpd; ed;ikfs;
·
,iy Kidfshf mstplf;$baJ gbepiy rq;fpypapy; mjpf
KidfSf;F ,lkspf;Fk;.
·
xU ku ,ltpaypd; xt;nthU ,ilepiy KidapYk; ika
ikaj;jpw;F taupq; Rl;bf;fhl;Lk; Gs;sp g]; ,ltpaypy; xU Kidiaf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
·
mtw;wpy; xd;W Nrjkile;jhy; kw;w gbepiy nel;nthu;f;Ffs;
ghjpf;fg;glhJ.
·
vspjhd guhkupg;G kw;Wk; jtW fz;lwpjy;.
·
,J xU ngupa nel;nthu;f;if vspjpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;
epu;tfpf;fTk; gadu;fis nra;fpwJ> NkYk; ku ,ltpaiy kWfl;likg;gJk; vspJ.
·
ku ,ltpay; xU ngupa nel;nthu;f; vd;gjhy;> vy;yh
fzpdpfSf;Fk; gpizaj;jpw;F rpwe;j mZfy; cs;sJ.
·
kuk; ,ltpay; gy td;nghUs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs;
tpw;gidahsu;fshy; Mjupf;fg;gLfpwJ.
·
ku ,ltpaypy;> fzpdpfis ,izf;f Nfgps;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp ePl;bg;gjd; %yk; fzpdpiar; Nru;g;gJ vspJ.
ku tiyaikg;gpd; jPikfs;
·
ngupa Nfgpspq; Njit
·
epiwa guhkupg;G Njit
·
KJnfYk;G Njhy;tpapd; Gs;spia cUthf;FfpwJ.
·
ku ,ltpaypy;> KO nel;nthu;f;fpd; KJnfYk;Gk;
cile;jhy;> gpizaj;jpd; ,U gFjpfSk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; njhlu;G nfhs;shky;
Nghfyhk;> Mdhy; gpizaj;jpd; xU gFjp njhlu;e;J jdpahf njhlu;G nfhs;fpwJ.
·
ku ,ltpaiy cs;sikg;gJ fbdk;> Vnddpy; ,J xU ngupa
,ltpay; kw;Wk; gpizaj;ij taupq; nra;tJ fbdk;.
·
ku ,ltpaypy;> nel;nthu;f;fpy; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba
Nfgps; tifahy; gpizaj;jpd; ePsk; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
V Mesh Topology (fz;zp tbt tiyaikg;G)
xU nk\;
Nlhghy[p xU KO nk\; Nlhghy[p my;yJ XusT ,izf;fg;gl;l nk\; Nlhghy[p MFk;.
XusT
,izf;fg;gl;l nk\; Nlhghy[papy;> nel;nthu;f;fpy; Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L fzpdpfshtJ
me;j nel;nthu;f;fpy; cs;s gy fzpdpfSld; ,izg;Gfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. nel;nthu;f;fpy;
gzpePf;fj;ij nray;gLj;j ,J xU kypthd topahFk;. nel;nthu;f;fpy; cs;s Kjd;ik
fzpdpfs; my;yJ ,izg;Gfspy; xd;W Njhy;tpAw;why;> kPjKs;s gpizak; njhlu;e;J
,aq;FfpwJ.
,t;
tiyaikg;gpy; midj;J gpiza KidfSk; jdpj;jdpahf kw;w KidfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,J
nra;jpfis mDg;g xU Kf;fpa jfty;njhlu;G ikakhf nray;gLfpwJ.
gpw ,iza
,ltpay; Nghyy;yhky;> ,ij ,uz;L tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;
1.
KOikahf ,izf;fg;gl;l fz;zp ,ltpay;
2.
XusT ,izf;fg;gl;l fz;zp ,ltpay;
KOikahf
,izf;fg;gl;l fz;zp ,ltpay; xt;nthU KidAlDk; ,izf;fg;gl;l midj;J KidfisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
XusT
,izf;fg;gl;l fz;zp tbt tiyaikg;gpy; midj;J KidfSk; xUtUf;nfhUtu;
,izf;fg;gltpy;iy.
fz;zp
tiyaikg;gpd; ed;ikfs;
§ mjpf msT
Nghf;Ftuj;ij epu;tfpf;fpwJ> Vnddpy; gy rhjdq;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; juit mDg;g
KbAk;.
§ xU rhjdj;jpd;
Njhy;tp gpizaj;jpy; KwpT my;yJ juT gupkhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ.
§ $Ljy; rhjdq;fisr;
Nru;g;gJ gpw rhjdq;fSf;F ,ilapy; juT gupkhw;wj;ij ghjpf;fhJ.
§ xt;nthU
,izg;Gk; mjd; nrhe;j juT Rikiar; Rkf;f KbAk;.
§ ,J tYthdJ.
§ xU jtW vspjpy;
fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.
§ ghJfhg;G kw;Wk;
jdpAupikia toq;FfpwJ.
fz;zp
tiyaikg;gpd; jPikfs;
§
,izg;G mjpfkhf ,Ue;jhy; epWty; kw;Wk; cs;sikT fbdk;.
§
Nfgpspq; nryT mjpfkhf cs;sJ kw;Wk; KOikahf
,izf;fg;gl;l fz;zp ,ltpay; tp\aj;jpy; mjpfk;.
§
nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nryT kw;w nel;nthu;f; Nlhghy[pfis tpl
mjpfkhf cs;sJ> ,J Fiwe;j tpUk;gj;jf;f tpUg;gkhf mikfpwJ.
§
,ltpaiy cUthf;FtJk; guhkupg;gJk; fbdk; kw;Wk; Neuj;ij
vLj;Jf;nfhs;tJ.
§
Njitaw;w ,izg;Gfspd; tha;g;G mjpfkhf cs;sJ> ,J mjpf
nryTfs; kw;Wk; Fiwf;fg;gl;l nray;jpwDf;fhd jpwid Nru;f;fpwJ.
§
nkhj;j taupq; Njit.
2)
I
Education
Gj;jfq;fs; Clhd fw;if Kiw khwp ,d;W gy;NtW ehLfspy; ,iza topf; fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; epfo;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; xUtu; tPl;bypUe;Nj fw;gjw;fhd trjpfs;
jw;NghJ nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,izatopf; fw;gpj;jy; KiwahdJ ntWk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwiag; Nghy; my;yhJ
Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;J khztu; fw;Fk; xUtopg; ghijahf kl;Lk; ,y;yhky; gy;topg;ghij
nfhz;l KOepiwT nfhz;l fw;gpj;jyhf mikfpd;wJ. ,f;fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapy;
ghlty;Ydu;fshy; tbtikf;fg;gLk; ghlq;fs; gy;Y}lf trjpfSld; fw;gtUf;Fj;
jug;gLfpd;wd. Njitahd ,lq;fspy; Ngr;Riufs;> mirTg; glf; fhl;rpfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;>
nray;Kiw tpsf;fq;fs;> ghlj;jpw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; ghlk; my;yhj kw;w gapy;Tj;
Jizf;fUtpfs; Kjypatw;wpd; Jizapidg; ngw;W fw;gjw;Fk; ,J cjTfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf : ,yq;ifapy; khztu;fs; Rafw;wiy Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;b murhq;fk;
mwptfk; (nenasal.lk)> e-jf;rhyt (www.e-thaksalawa.moe.lk)> tiyg;ghlrhiy (www.edulanka.lk)> tpJ kq;ngj (www.vidumanpetha.com) Nghd;w tiyj;jsq;fis cUthf;fpf; nfhLj;Js;sJ.
NkYk; ,g;guPl;irapy; Nju;tpd; fhy vy;iy rupahf gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
fzpdpapy; guPl;ir njhlq;fp tpl;lhy; mJNt Kbf;Fk; Neuk; tUk; NghJ ,aq;fhky;
epd;W tpLk;. NkYk; Nfs;tpj;jhs; Nju;T vOJk; xt;nthU khztUf;Fk; Roy; mbg;gilapy;
NtWNtwhf mikAk; vd;gJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. ,jd; %yk; gpujpgz;zy; vd;w ngUq;Fiw
jtpu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. Nju;T Kbe;j kWepkplNk mjw;fhd Gs;spiaAk; KbitAk; ,izatopj;
Nju;tpy; ngw ,aYk;. ,jd;%yk; khztu;fs; cldbahfj; Nju;T KbTfisj; njupe;J
nfhs;Sk; tha;g;igg; ngWfpd;wdu;. ,j;Nju;tpy; gq;Nfw;f xUtif mDkjp vz;Zk;
mjw;Fupa flTr;nrhy;Yk; jug;gLk;. mijg; gad;gLj;jp Fwpg;gpl;l khztu; kl;LNk
Nju;it vOjKbAk;. ,k;khztu;jhd; Nju;it vOJfpwhuh vd ,izajs glf;fhl;rpg;gjpTf;
fUtp %yk; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;s ,aYk;. ,jd;top Ms; khwhl;lj;ijAk; jtpu;f;fyhk;.
kw;Wk; ,izaj;jpd; fhuzkhf ve;jnthU ehl;bypUe;Jk; xUtu; jdf;F
tpUg;gkhdthW xU fy;tp epWtfj;Jld; njhlu;GgLtjD}lhf kpff; Fiwe;j nryTld; cau;
ghlnewpiaf; fw;fyhk;. ,J epfo;epiy njhiyf;fy;tp (Online Distance Learning) vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzkhf :
nfhOk;Gg;gy;fiyf;fofk;> jpwe;jgy;fiyf;fofk;> Nguhjidg;gy;fiyf;fofk;
Nghd;wd ,izatop gl;lg;gbg;Gf;fis toq;fptUfpd;wd.
,iza top
mZFKiwapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,iza topf; fy;tpapy; ehk; kpfTk; njupe;J itj;jpUf;f Ntz;baJ ,d;lu;nel;
,af;Fk; Kiw. ,d;W ,izajsj;jpy; ,y;yhj jfty;fNs ,y;iy vd;W nrhy;Yk; mstpw;F
midj;J jfty;fSk; ,izaj;jpy; gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. fle;j fhyq;fspy; jfty;fis
Nrfupf;f gy kzp Neuq;fs; E}yfk; nrd;W Gj;jfq;fis Njl Ntz;ba epiy ,Ue;jJ. ,tw;iw
vspikg;gLj;Jk; epiyNa ,iza top.
,izatopf; fy;tpahdJ nghUs; tpsq;fpf; fw;gij typAWj;JfpwJ.
khztu;fs; RWRWg;ghf ,aq;fpf; fw;gij typAWj;JtJ
khztu;fs; $l;lhfTk;> xUtUf;nfhUtu; xj;Jioj;Jf; fw;gij (Collaboration and Cooperative Learning)> gy;NtW epiyfspy;
fUj;Jg; gfpu;it (Multiple
level of Interaction) typAWj;JfpwJ.
,izaj;jpy; nra;jpfs; tpiuthfTk;> Jy;ypakhfTk; fpilf;fpd;wd.
fw;NghUf;Fr; nra;jpfs; cldbahfTk;> NeupilahfTk; fpilf;fpd;wd. njupa Ntz;ba
nra;jpfis ghlg; nghUs; tbtpYk;> tiugl KiwapYk;> capNuhl;lr; nray;fs; (Animated form) tbtpy; jUfpd;wJ.
II Health
Rfhjhuj;jpw;F ,izakhdJ gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; cjTfpd;wJ. me;jtifapy;
1.
kUj;Jt gupNrhjidfSf;fhf>
fzpdpg;gLj;jpa
clypd; mr;Rg;gil X-1 fjpu;g;nghwp : ,g;nghwpapd; %yk; clypd; cl;gFjpfis NtW
Ntwhf Kg;gupkhz Kiwg;gb glnkLf;fyhk;. Neha; epiyikia ,dq;fhz;gjw;F ,J ngupJk;
cjTk;.
fhe;jg; gupT
tpk;gkhf;fw; nghwp : thndhyp> miyfs;> typikahd fhe;jg;Gyk; Mfpatw;wpd;
%yk; clypd; cl;gFjpfspd; tptukhd xspg;glq;fisg; ngWtjw;F ,g; nghwp cjTfpd;wJ.
,ja Neha;
jpiuaplw; nghwp : ,jaj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;ilf; fzpdpj; jpiuapy; fhl;ly; ,jd; %yk;
eilngWfpd;wJ. ,jaj;jpd; gy;NtW njhw;W epiyikfis ,dq;fhz;gjd; %yk; Njitahd
rpfpr;irf;F topg;gLj;jy; ,jd; %yk; rhj;jpakhfpd;wJ.
kpd; %isa
tiugpaw; nghwp : %isapd; njhopw;ghl;ilg; gjpT nra;tjw;F ,t; cgfuzk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jiyNahl;by; xl;lg;gl;l mstpy; rpwpa cNyhfj; jl;Lf;fspd;
(kpd; Kbtplq;fs;) %yk; %isapypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLk; kpd; Jbg;Gfs; ngwg;gl;L
%isapd; njhopw;ghL njhiyf;fhl;rp jpiuapy; gjpT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. Nehahsp
vOk;NghJk; Japy; vOk; NghJk; ,g;nghwpapd; %yk; Njitahd gjpTfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
NkYk; njhiy
kUj;Jtk; gw;wp Muha;Nthkhapd; ,izaj;jpidg; gad;gLj;jp xU kUj;JtkidapypUe;J
njhiytpy; cs;s Xu; ,lj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; xU Nehahspia mtjhdpj;jy; my;yJ rpfpr;ir
nra;jy; njhiykUj;Jtk; vdg;gLk;. kUj;Jtkidapd; tpNrl epiyaj;ijAk; tpNrl
kUj;Jtu;fspd; ,izg;igAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L xU njhlu;ghly; tiyaikg;ghfpa
,jpypUe;J gy mD$yq;fisg; ngwyhk;. mitahtd>
F
njhiy rpfpr;ir guhkupg;G
F
tPl;bypUe;J rpfpr;ir
F
njhiy kUj;Jt MNyhrid
F
njhiy mWitr; rpfpr;ir
F
njhiyg;gapw;rp
III Society
,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpNy fzpzpapd; NjitAk;> gad;ghLfSk; Kf;fpakhd
xd;whfNt fhzg;gLk;. xU ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ mjpy; thOk; kf;fspd; r%f>
nghUshjhu Nkk;ghl;ilg; nghWj;Nj mikfpwJ. ,e;j tpQ;Qhd Afj;jpy; jfty; njhlu;G
vy;yh Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; xu; Mjhu RUjpaha; mike;Js;sJ.
fy;tp
,izatopf; fy;tp Fwpj;J rpwg;Gf; fUj;juq;Ffs; mz;ikapy; nrd;idapy;
eilngw;wJ. jkpopiza gy;fiyf;fofk;> ,iza top jkpo;f;fy;tp kl;Lk; my;yhky;>
kpd; E}yfk;> nkhop Ma;T> jkpofj;jpd; fyhr;rhur; rpwg;Gfs; gw;wp
,izaj;jpy; gjpTfs; nra;J kuGf; fy;tp epWtdkhf Nritahw;wp tUfpwJ.
,izaj;jpy; Vuhskhd fiyf;fsQ;rpaq;fs;> mfuhjpfs;> kpd; E}y;fs;>
kpd; E}yfq;fs;> kpd;gs;spfs;> xypE}y;fs;
fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd.nkhopngau;f;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;l nkd;nghUs;fs;> ahg;gpyf;fzk;
fw;f kw;Wk; vOjpa ghf;fisr; nrg;gk; nra;a> gpio ePf;f> mtNyhfpjk; Nghd;w
nkd;nghUs;fs;> jl;lr;R gapy nkd;nghUl;fs;> ,iriaf; fw;f>
,irf;fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;j tifnra;Ak; gy nkd;nghUl;fs;> kUj;Jtg; gbg;gpw;F
cjTk; fhnzhspfs;> fzpdpg;gapw;rpf;fhd fhnzhspfs;> nghwpapay; fy;tp gapy
tif nra;Ak; gy fhnzhspfs; epiwe;j fUT+ykhf ,izak; jpfo;fpwJ vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.
fl;llf;fiy gapy;gtu;fSf;Fk; topfhl;bahf ,izak; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,jpy;
Kg;gupkhz> ,Ugupkhz tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; Nfhl;Lg;glq;fisAk; jahu; nra;aTk;>
Njitf;Nfw;g khw;wq;fs; nra;J ,Wjp tbtk; nfhLg;gjw;Fk; NgUjtp GupfpwJ. “];tPl; N`hk;(Sweet home)” Nghd;w Kg;gupkhz
nkd;nghUs;fs;> cs; tbtikg;gpid (Interior Design) midtUk; nra;J ghu;f;Fk; tifapy; vspikahf;fp
cs;sJ. Ntz;ba tz;zj;jpy;> ek; vz;zk;Nghy; ,e;j nkd;nghUs; %yk; tPl;il
mikj;Jg; ghu;f;f KbAk;. tiythry; vd;Dk;
Nrit> Fwpg;gpl;l jiyg;Gfs; my;yJ Jiw
vd;W Vjhtnjhd;iw Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp mit njhlu;Gila jfty;fis xUq;fpizj;Jj;
juty;yjhf mike;Js;sJ.
tu;j;jfk;
rkPg fhyq;fspy; epfo;epiy ,iza tzpfj;jpd; (Online tu;j;jfk;)
jhf;fk; mjpfupj;J tUfpwJ. tpiythrp epu;zaj;jpYk; ,J ngUk;gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. gy
epWtdq;fs; jk;Kila nghUl;fis ,izaj;jpd; thapyhf tpsk;guk; nra;J tpw;Fk; epiy
mjpfupj;Js;sJ. gy jsq;fspd; thapyhf ehk; thq;ftpUf;Fk; nghUl;fisj;
njupTnra;J> mDg;gpitf;f Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;f> ngWk; Neuj;jpy; cupa njhifiar;
nrYj;Jk; trjp mike;Js;sJ.
tptrhak;
ek; ehL tptrha ehL. fpuhkq;fspy; kf;fs; ngUkstpy; tptrhaj;ijj;
njhopyhff; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. ngUfpLk; kf;fs;
njhiff;Nfw;g> czTg; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f Ntz;ba mtrpak;
Vw;gLfpwJ. mjw;fhf gy etPd Ntshz;ik Af;jpfisf; ifahs Ntz;bAs;sJ. kz;zpd;
juk;> Njitahd cuk;> ePupd; jd;ik> gapu;fisj; jhf;Fk; Neha;fisf; Fwpj;j
tpopg;Gzu;T> jukhd tpijfs;> tpis nghUl;fspd; md;whl tpiy epytuk;>
tpw;gidr; re;ijfs;> gapu; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;J Ntshz; ty;Yeu;fspd; MNyhridfisg;
ngWjy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F fpuhkg;Gw mstpy; ,izaj;jpd; gq;F ,d;wpaikahjjha; cs;sJ.
muRj;Jiwfspy; gad;ghL
vy;yh muRj;JiwfspYNk fzpdpapd; gad;ghL kpFe;Js;sJ. mYtyu;fspd;
gzpr;Rikia ntFthff; Fiwg;gjpy; fzpdp ngUk;gq;fhw;WfpwJ. jiyikafj;Jld;
khtl;lq;fs; ,izaj;jpd; %yk; ,izf;fg; gLtjhy; jfty; gupkhw;wk; vspjhfTk;
clDf;FlDk; eilngWfpwJ. tpiuthf gy Nritfis kf;fSf;F toq;fpl KbfpwJ. Nju;T
KbTfs;> Nju;jy; KbTfs; mwptjpYk; ,izaj;jpd; gq;F <L ,izaw;wJ.
Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy;> Kf;fpa Rw;Wyhj;jyq;fs; Fwpj;j tptuq;fs; fz;ftu;
glq;fSlDk;> tpupthd tptuq;fSlDk; ,izajsq;fspy; ,lk;ngwr; nra;tjd; %yk; cs;ehl;L>
ntspehl;Lg; gazpfspd; tuT mjpfupf;fpwJ. mjpf mstpy; ntspehl;ltu;fs; tUtjd; %yk;
me;epar; nryhtzp mjpfupf;fpwJ.
Ntiytha;g;G
,iza Nritiag; gad;gLj;JNthupd; vz;zpf;if ehSf;Fehs; mjpfupg;gjd; %yk;
gyu; Ntiytha;g;G ngw VJthfpwJ.
nghJkf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; ,iza Nrit ikaq;fs;> ,iza tpisahl;L ikaq;fs;
Nghd;wit ,jpy; mlq;Fk;. ,k;ikaq;fspy; ghly;fs;> fhnzhspfs; Nghd;wtw;iwj;
jutpwf;fk; nra;J FWe;jfLfspy; gjpT nra;J nfhLf;Fk; gzpapidAk;
Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. kUj;Jtj; Jiwapy; medical transcriptiond; Nghd;w Nritfspd; %yKk;>
fhy;nrd;l;lu;fspd; %yKk; Ntiytha;g;G mjpfupf;fpwJ.
jd;tptuf; Fwpg;Gfs; jahupf;f
NtiyNjLk; ,isQu;fSf;F jd; tptuf; Fwpg;ig jahu; nra;tnjd;gJ kpf
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mjw;F cjTk; gy tiyj;jsq;fs; ,izaj;jpy; cs;sd. nghUj;jkhd
thu;j;ijfisf; nfhz;L jd;tptuf; Fwpg;igj; jahu; nra;a mit ngupJk; cjTfpd;wd.
KfE}y; thapyhfTk; jd;tptuf;Fwpg;gpidg; gfpu;e;J gadilNthu; gyu;.
kpd;dQ;ry; Nrit
tpiuthd jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpy; kpd;dQ;ry; kpfg;ngUk; gq;fhw;WfpwJ.
Kf;fpakhd Nfhg;Gfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;s tif nra;fpwJ. jpwd; Ngrp %yk; ,iza
,izg;gpd; top “thl;]g;” Nghd;w trjpfNshL Gifg;glq;fs;> fhnzhspfs; Nghd;wit
clDf;Fld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
gzg; gupkhw;wk;
midj;J tq;fpfSNk jd; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F Njitf;Nfw;g ,izaj;jpd; thapyhf
gzg;gupkhw;wk;> fld; jtiz nrYj;Jk; trjp> gy;NtW fl;lzq;fs; kw;Wk;
tupfisr; nrYj;Jk; trjpia mspf;fpd;wd.
,izaj;jpd; %yk; elf;Fk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; gw;wl;il (debit ard) kw;Wk;
fld; ml;ilia (credit card) cgNahfpj;J cupa njhifiar; nrYj;Jk; trjpAk; ,Ug;gjhy;
me;j ,lq;fSr;nry;yhkYk;> mYtyfNeuk; kw;Wk; tpLKiwehs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gw;wpf;
ftiyg;glhkYk; ,Uf;Fkplj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj ,izaj;jpd; %yk; gadila KbfpwJ. fhg;gPl;Lj;
jtiz nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; fhg;gPl;Lg; gad; njhif ngWjy; Nghd;witAk; ,izaj;jpd; %yNk
jw;NghJ epfo;fpd;wd. gazj;jpw;fhd Kd;gjpT> gazr; rPl;L ngWjy; Nghd;w epfo;TfSk;
,izaj;jhy; kpf vspjhf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. %j;j Fbkf;fs;> Nehahspfs;>
khw;Wj;jpwdhspfs; Nghd;Nwhu;f;F ,izar;Nrit kpf;f gadspf;fpwJ.
nghOJNghf;F
cioj;Jf; fisj;jtu;f;Fk;> gzpr;Rik kpf;ftu;f;Fk; Gj;Jzu;T+l;Lk; fskhf
,izak; jpfo;fpwJ. nghOJNghf;F epfo;Tfs;> tpisahl;Lfs;> ghly;fs;>
fhnzhspfs;> jpiug;glq;fs;> ehlfq;fs;> gy;NtW njhiyf;fhl;rpfspy;
xspgug;ghd> ehk; fhzj; jtwpa epfo;r;rpfisAk; fz;L fspf;Fk; tha;g;gpid
toq;FfpwJ. gz;ghl;Lj; jhf;fj;ijAk; ,tw;wpd; %yk; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. $fps;> KfE}y;
(face book) Nghd;wit jk; ntw;wpf;F kpif gilg;ghf;fr; rpe;jidia
mjpfk; rhu;e;Js;sd. ,tw;wpy; cs;s tpisahl;Lfshy; gyu; <u;f;fg;gLtJ cz;ik.
A+-l;A+g; Nghd;w jsq;fs; ghly;fs;> fhnzhspfs; Mfpatw;iwg; gfpu;e;J
nfhs;sTk;> fz;Lfspf;fTk;> juNtw;wk; kw;Wk; jutpwf;fk; nra;Jnfhs;sTk; trjpaspf;fpd;wd. vdNt ,izak;
xU ,izaw;w nghOJNghf;Fr; rhjdkha; mike;Js;sJ.
crhj;Jidfs; E}y;fs;
,izaj;js Kftupfs;
www.en.wekkipedia.org/wiki/orphan
