fiyj;jpl;lk; ghlj;ijAk;- nraw;ghl;ilAk; jpl;lkpLfpd;wJ.

                                             fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; midj;ijAk; jpl;lkpLfpd;w xd;whfNt tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ghlrhiyapNy fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bid tpidj;jpwdhfg; NgDtjw;F fiyj;jpl;ljpd; xOq;fikg;G Kf;fpakhFk;. tFg;giwr; nraw;ghl;by; ,Ue;Nj ehl;bd; Fwpf;Nfhs; milag;gLfpd;wJ. MfNtjhd; tFg;giwapy; eilngWfpd;w midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk; XH fiyj;jpl;l xOq;fikg;gpd; fPo; ,aq;fNtz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f fw;gpj;jYf;F  ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLk; eltbf;if mbg;gilahdjhf mikfpd;wJ fiyj;jpl;l topfhl;bfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fw;gpj;jypd; ,yf;Ffis Kjw;fz; njupTgLj;jpnfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkply; Neutpuaj;ijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F Mrpupaupd; gjfspg; igj; jdpj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; Cf;f Kld; fw;gpj;jypNy <LgLtjw;Fk; topaikf;fpd;wJ.

                                      mwpf;if vOr;rp clypaf;fk; vd;w jsq;fspy; milag;gl Ntz;ba ,yf;Ffis Mrpupau;  njspTgLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.mwpT fpufpj;jy; gpuNahfpj;jy; gFg;gha;T nra;jy; njhFj;jy; kjpg;PL nra;jy; vd;w tifapy; mwpif ,yf;Ffs; tifaPL nra;ag;gLk; ngWjy; Jyq;Fjy; ngWkhdg;gLj;jy; xKq;fijj;jy; Mw;Wiff;Fupa tfpghfnkLj;jy; Kjypait vOr;rp Ml;rpapd; tifg;ghLfs; MFk;.njwpjy; mirTfs; mbg;gil mirTfs; Gyd;rhu; Mw;wy;fs; cly;rhu; Mw;wy;fs; jpwd;rhu; mirTfs; njhlghly; mirTfs; vd;wthW clypaf;f Ml;rpfs; tifaPL nra;ag;gLk;

 

                                       fiyj;jpl;l nraw;ghLfSf;F – fiyj;jpl;lk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;Ftjw;Fk; -,aw;Ftjw;Fk; khztdpd; cly;-cs jpwd;fs; rpwg;ghf mika Ntz;Lk;.fw;wypd; tif gw;wpAk; fbdkl;lk; (Levei of Difficuity) gw;wpAk; rpe;jpj;Jr; nrayhw;Wjy; rpwe;j KiwapNy ghlj;ijjpl;lkpLtjw;Fj; Jiz epw;fpd;wd.nel;;Uf; fw;wy; (Rote learning ) nghUSzu;  fw;wy;  ( meaningful Learn) vd;wtifahd fw;wy; Kiwfs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy; jpl;lkplYf;F mtrpakhfpd;wd. nel;LUf;fw;wy; %d;W tifahd tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mit

1.Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;FKiwapd;wpf; fw;wtw;iw kPl;nlLj;jy;. ,J fl;lw;w kPl;G

    vdg;gLk;;

2.Fwpg;gpl; xOq;fpNy fw;wtw;iw kPl;nlLj;jy; ,J njhlu; xOq;F kPl;G 

     (serialRecll)vdg;gLk;.

3. Fwpg;gpl;l xU Jhz;bAld; njhlu;GgLj;jpf; Fwpg;gpl;l vz;zf;

   fUitkPl;nlLj;jy; ,J ,izj;njhlu;Gf; fw;wy; vdg;gLk; .

                                        xj;jpif nra;jy; tpgupj;jy; xOq;fikj;jy; fpufpg;G newpif ftdf;Ftpg;G Kjypatw;why; nghUSzu; fw;wiy tsg;gLj;jyhk; fbd kl;lj;ij mwptjw;Fr; nraw;gzpg; gFg;gha;T Jiz nra;fpd;wJ .fw;ww; gzpfis epuyhf;fk; nra;Js;s cstpayhsu; fhf;Nd fPo; kl;lj;jpYs;s fw;ww; gzpfspd; kPNj Nky; klf;fw;wy; gzpfs; mike;Js;s ikiaf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu; ,e;jepiyapy; khztupd; mbj;js Mw;wy;Nkk;ghLfSf;F cjTjy; NkYah;e;J nra;tjw;Fupa mbg;gilfshtij Mrpupau; kdq; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; .

                                    fle;j Ehw;whz;by; gpw;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J Neu;g; Nghjid Kiw Directinstruction rpwg;gplk; ngwj; njhlq;fpAs;sJ tpidg;ghL kpf;f fw;gpj;jy; jOTk; fw;gpj;jy; Nghd;w gy njhlu;fshy; ,J miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ Neu;g;Nghjid Kiw gpd;tUk; gbepiyfisf; nfhz;ljhf mikAk; .

§  toq;fg;gl;l tPl;LtiyfisAk; xg;gilfisAk; kPsha;T nra;jYk; ntFkjp tOq;FjYk;

§  Gjpa tplaq;fis mspf;if nra;jy; njspthd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fisj; jUjy;

khztu;fs; tpsf;fk; ngw;Ws;sduh vdf; mwpjy;

§  nraw;ghLfis Mw;Wg;gLj;jy; toq;fg;gl;l Gjpa tplaq;fis gpuNahfpg;gjw;F khztu;fSf;F tsk;jUjy;

§  jpUj;jq;fSk; gpd;Dhl;ly;fSk; toq;Fjy; khztu; jtwhf tpilaspf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; NkYk; Mw;wYld; kPsf; fw;gpj;jy; Ntz;Lk; khztu; rupahd tpilaspj;jhy; Vd; rup vd;gij tpsf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;

§  fw;wtplaq;fspy; khztu; jhkhfNt gapw;rpfs; nra;tjw;F cw;rhfkspj;jy;

§  gbj;jtw;iw thuKbtpYk; khjKbtpYk; kPsha;T nra;jy;

                                     Neu;g; Nghjid Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ghljpl;lkply; gpd;tUk; gbepiyfis nfhz;ljhf mike;jJ

1.Nghjidf;Fupa jahu;epiyf;F khztu;fis cl;gLj;Jjy; ,J vjpu;ghu;g;G ,izkhdk; Anticipatory set)vdg;gLk;

2.Nghjid mspf;if Gjpa tplaq;fis nghUj;jkhd tpisTfSld; ifaspj;jy;

3.gapw;rpfis Mw;Wg;gLj;jy;

4.khztupd; ntspg;ghLfis guprPypj;jy;

5.xt;nthUtUf;FKupa gapw;rpfis toq;Fjy;

   Nkw;$wpa xOq;fikg;gpidj; jOtpa ghlf;Fwpg;G gpd;tUkhW mikAk;

1.ghlmyF ,yf;fKk; jpfjpk; ghlj;jiyg;G

2. ghl ,yf;fFk; ,ize;j ,yf;FfSk;

3.ghlj;jpd; gbepiy mspf;ifAk; Jizr; rhjdq;fisg; gad;gLj;JjYk;

4.ghlKd;Ndw;wj;ij tYg;gLj;jp nfhs;sy;

5.Mw;Wg; gLj;jpa gapw;rpfs; toq;fy;

6.khztupd; tpsf;fj;jpid mwpjYk; gpd;Dhl;lYk;

7.Rahjpd gapw;rpfSf;F ,lkspj;jy;

8.ghl KbT gw;wpa kjpg;gPL.

                                 ghljpjpl;ljpy; cs;s gy tplq;fis khztHfSf;F tpsf;Ftjhf – fw;Wf;nfhLg;gjhf fw;gpj;jy; mikfpd;wJ. Njrpa Fwpf;nfhis miltjw;F Kjypy; tFg;giwapy; gy Mapuf;fzf;fhd rpNrl Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; milag;gl Ntz;Lk;. 40 epkpl ghlNtisf;Fs; tFg;giwf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; milag;gl Ntz;ba Kiwapy; ghljpl;lj;NjhL mjd; nraw;ghLfSk; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; mit tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;jf; $bajhf mikaNtz;Lk;. Fw;gpj;jy; gy Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp fzpjk;-jkpo;-tpQ;Qhdk;-Gtpapay;-mofpay; ghlq;fs;-njhopy; ghlq;fs; Nghd;w ghlq;fSf;F Vw;w tifapy; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; cs;s myFfSf;F Vw;w tifapy; mjd; nraw;ghLfSk; jpl;lkpl;g;gl Ntz;baJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

 cjhuzkhf –

nfhupa ehl;L mDgtq;fspy; ghlrhiyr; nraw;ghLfis tpidahw;wy; ngwnra;tjpy; nfhupa ehl;bd; mDgt;fis Nef;fp cyfpd; ftdk; jpUj;jpAs;sJ. fzpjk; kw;Wk; tpQ;Qhd ghlq;fis njhlu;ghd cyf kjpg;gPLfspy; nfhupa ghlrhiy khztu;ffs;=Kjyhkplj;Jf;F Ke;jpf; nfhz;L tUjy; ,q;Nf Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ fle;j %d;W jrhg;jkhf me;ehl;bd; nghUshjhu kpf Ntfkhf Kd;Ndwpr; nry;tjw;Ff; fy;tpapd; gq;fspg;G kpf Kf;fpakhff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ . nfhupa kw;Wk; [g;ghdpa ehLfspd; ghlrhiy ehl;fs; Vid ehLfNshL xg;gpLk; nghOJ $Ljyhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; nkd tw;GWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

                                 ,jd; mbg;gilapy; fz;Lgpbg;Gf; fw;WYf;Fupa ghlj; jpl;lkply; vt;thW mikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Nehf;fyhk; fz;Lgpbg;Gf; fw;wYf;fhd ghlj;jpl;lk; gpd;  tUk; gbepiyfisf; nfhz;lJ .

    1.gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhzy;

    2.fUJNfhis cUthf;Fjy;

    3.juTfisr; Nru;j;jy;

    4.juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jYk; KbTfSf;F tUjYk;

                                        tpQ;Qh ghlq;fis fw;W nfhLg;gjw;Ff; fz;L gpbg;Gf; fw;wy; Kiw kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdjhf mikAk;.xt;nthU tifahd fw;wy; Kiwikf;Fk; Vw;wthW ghlj;jpl;lkply; NtWgLk; vd;gij Mrpupau; kdq;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; ,jw;F mLj;jjhf $l;LwTf; fw;wYf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lkplypd; gbepiyfis Nehf;fyhk;

   1.,yf;Fdis jPu;khdpj;jy;

   2.khztu;fs; $l;lhfTk; FOthfT nraw;gLtjw;Fupa nghUl;fisj;

      njupT nra;jy;

   3.ghlk; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;Ndhbahf ghlj;jpd;gpujhd

      vz;zf;fUf;fis tpsf;Fjy;

   4.FO epiyapYk; $l;LwT epiyapYk; khztu;fs; nraw;gL

       khw;iwg; gbepiyfshf tpsf;Fjy; Neu mstPLfis tiuaWj;Jf; $wy;

   5.ngwg;gl;l KbTfis kjpg;gPL nra;jy; kpsha;T nra;jy;

      gpd;Dhl;ly; toq;Fjy;

                                      mofpay; ghlq;fis jpl;lkpLfpd;w NghJ mjw;Nfw;w ghljpl;ljpidf; nfhz;L mjd; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;.mofpay; ghlq;fs; khztHfspd; cly;-cs-rKftpUjpjpNahL njhlHgilajhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,it ,zg;ghl tpjhdr; nraw;ghLfNshL ,ize;jthNw mofpay; ghl fiyj;jpl;l jpl;lkply; fhzg;gNtz;baJ mtrpakhd xd;whFk;. Fiy fyhrhug; gz;Gfis khztHfSf;F tsHf;ff;$ba tifapiyNa ,g;ghl fiyj;jpl;l jpl;lkply; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. khztHfspd; gof;f tof;f gz;GuPjpahd milTkl;lq;fis ntspg;gLj;j tsHf;f $batifapYk; nofpay; ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; mjw;fhd nraw;ghLfSk; mika Ntz;Lk;. Mjd; nraw;ghLfshf

1.fU fsk; ntspg;ghl;L tiuaiwr; nraw;ghLfs;.

2.ghj;jpuNkw;wy; tfpgq;F

3.fpufpg;G xOq;Ffs;

4.jdp-FOthf NrHe;J nraw;gLjy;.

5.newpg;gLj;jiy mtjhdpj;jy;.

6.njupT nra;jYk; - mjid tpsf;FjYk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ.

                        ,aw;if tpQ;Qhdk; r%f tpQ;Qhdk; kw;Wk; mofpaw;fy;tp Mfpatw;wpy; Nkjhtpfis cUthf;f Kbahj mtyepiy r%fj;jpYk; fy;tpr; nraw;ghl;bYk; ngUkstpNy njhlu;e;J nfhz;Nl ,Uf;fpd;wJ

ty%is ,l%is vd;w ghFghl;by; fhuzkq;fhZk; jpwd;fSf;F mbg;gil mikg;ghf;fkhf ,l*is tpsf;Ffpd;wJ vd;w vkJ fy;tp nraw;ghLfs; ,l*isAk; tyf;ifiaAk; tsg;gLj;JtjpNyNa $ba ftdj;ij vLj;J tUjiyAk; fy;tp cstpayhsu; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpwdu;.,jid mbnahw;wpa Muk;g fhyj;ija Ez;kjpj; Nju;Tfs; fhuzq;fhZk; fzpj ,ay;GfSf;F mjPj Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;J te;jd ,jid kPsha;T nra;j nfhthu;l;fhl;du; gd;Kf Ez;kjp vd;w  Nfhl;ghl;ilKd;itj;jhu; gpd;tUk; VOtpjkhd Ez;kjpfis ,tu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

1.nkhop rhu;e;jit

2.,ir rhu;e;jit

3.fzpjtpay; rhu;e;jit

4.ntsp rhu;e;jit

5.clypaf;fk; rhu;e;jit

6.Mspilj; njhlu;G rhu;e;jit

7.MSs; rhu;e;jit

,it xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;Wld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ Nkk;gl;ljhf mikAk; %isapd; midj;J nraw;ghL fisAk; tsk;gLj;Jtjd; thapyhf midj;J Mw;wy;fisAk; Nkk;gLj;j KbAk; .,e;jepiyapy; fy;tpr; nraw;ghLfspdhy; ghuhKfkhf tplg;gl;l ty%isia tsk;gLj;Jjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; NkYau;j;jg;gLfpd;wJ ty%iyiaj; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;w.

nrd;idapYs;s mg;gNyh kUj;Jtepiyaj;jpy; ,irr; rpfpr;ir Kiwia Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;Tfspy; ,Ue;J gpd;tUk; KbTfis ntspapl;Ls;shu; ,irapd; #f;Fkkhd mjpu;Tfs; %isapd; rpNwhNuhdpd; nraw;ghLfs; kl;lj;ij NkYau;j;Jfpd;wd %isapd; nraw;ghl;bd; rpNwhNuhdpd; nraw;ghLfs; tpje;J Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.kdntOr;rpfs; kdepiy epj;jpiu czT tpUg;igj; Jhz;ly; Kjypatw;iw xOq;fikg;gjpy; ,jd; ,af;fghL rpwg;ghf typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ .fUg;igapypUe;Nj ey;y ,iria mDgtpj;J te;j rpwhu;fs; Vida rpwhu;fspYk; ghu;f;f tpiue;J fw;Wk; Mw;wy; ngWfpd;wdu; vd;gJ fz;lwpag;gLfpd;wJ.

ty %isia tsg;gLj;JtjpNy Neubahfg; gq;F nfhs;Sk; ,ir kw;Wk; ,irNahbize;J eldk; Kjypait mDgtpg;Nghupd; mwpif Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;J

tjhfTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cs;s mwpif kw;Wk; elj;ij euk;gpay; tpQ;Qhd epWtfj;jpd; jiytu; Nguhrpupau; nfapj; nfd;bwpf; mtu;fs; jkJ Ma;Tfis mbnahw;wp ,irf;fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fpAs;shu; .,irahy; csepiy miktpd; Mw;wYk; fzpj Mw;wy;fSk; Nkk;ghlile;J nry;tjhf mtu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

rpe;jpj;jy; vd;gJ %isapy; epfOk; capu; ,urhadtpay; nray; KiwNahL njhlu;GilaJ rpe;jpf;Fk; nghOJ *isapy; cs;s fyd;fs; euk;Grhu;;e;j CLflj;jpfshfpa mrpw;wpypNfhdyk; rpNwhNuhdpd; kw;Wk; nlhghikd; Mfpait njhlu;ghly; nfhs;Sfpd;wd.Kisapd; euk;gpay; rhu;e;j CLflj;jpfs; mkpNdh mkpyq;fspy; ,Ue;J nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mkpNdh mkpyq;fisj; juf;$ba Guj czu;Tfis cz;gJk; fhiy czitj; jtwhJ cz;gJk; ey;y ,ir kw;Wk; eldq;fis mDgtpj;jYk; Kisapd; Mw;wiy tYtilar; nra;tjhff; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

Ez;kjpia tsg;gLj;Jjy; kdntKr;rp cWjpg;ghl;il tYtilar; nra;jy; epidthw;wiy tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; mwpifj;jpwd;fis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Kjypatw;Wf;F mofpay; mDgtq;fs; Neubahfj; Jizepw;fpwd.

epidTj;jpwd; xOq;F Fiytiljy; mz;ikf;fhykhf khztu;fsplj;J mjpfupj;J tUtjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ. me;j mtyj;jpypUe;J kPz;NlOtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd czT tiffis cl;nfhs;tJld; jpahdKk; mofpay; mDgtf;fy;tpAk; Jizepw;Fk; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

rkfhyj;J nghUshjhu eltbf;iffSk; rKf cuha;TfSk; ntFrd njhlu;ghlw; rhjdq;fshy; cUf;nfhLf;fg;gLk; td;elj;ijj; JHz;ly;fSk; tpfhukhd kd czu;Tfis khztu;fsplj;J Vw;gLfpd;w. csr;rkepiyiaf; Fiyj;J tpLk; tpirfisg;Nghl;bf; fy;tpr; nray;Kiwfs; Jhz;btUfpd;wd. ,jdhy; kdg;g; jfspg;Gk; mq;fyha;g;Gk; khztu;fsplj;Nj Jhz;lg;gfpd.rKf epytu khw;wq;fshy; ,we;j  mtyk; mZfg;gl Ntz;bAs;sjhapDk; mfepiyapy; ,ir eldk; xtpak; rpw;gk; muq;F Kjyhk; mofpaw;ghl mDgtq;fs; cs;shu;e;j ,irthf;fj;ijj; juKbAk;.

                                           njhopy; ghlq;fSf;fhd fiyjpl;l xOq;FfspNy mjd; ghljpl;lk; mjw;fhd   nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lkply; Kf;fpakhdjgFk;. njhopy; tpUj;jpapid ikakhff; nfhz;ljhf ,J mikaNtz;baJ fl;lhak;.    

 khztHfspd; cly;tpUj;jp – njhopDl;g tpUj;jpapid Nkk;gLj;Jk; tsHf;Fk; KiwapNy ,g;ghljpw;fhd fiyj;jpl;l NrHkhdk; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. Njhopy; gw;wpa mwpT –njhopy; mDgtq;fs; - njhopy; El;gq;fs; -njhopy; tpUj;jp Nghd;w tplq;fs; fiyj;jpl;l ghljpl;l nray;Kiwap;y; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; nry;thf;F rpwe;j tpisjpwd; -tpidj;jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F tpj;jpLfpd;wJ. njhopy; ghlq;fSf;fhd fiyjpl;l  ghlj;jpl;l – nraw;ghl;lLj; jpl;lkply; xOq;Ffspy; ..

§  njhopy; topfhl;ly; MNyhridfs;

§  njhopiy ,dk;fhzy;

§  njhopy; fUtpfspd; ,izg;G-gad;gL jd;ikfs;.

§  njhopy; El;gq;fs;.

§  Njhkpy; nra;Ak; kdg;ghq;F tpUj;jp Nghd;wd Kf;fpakhf jpl;lkplg;gl Ntz;Lk;

                                      Mrpupaupd; ghlj;jpl;lkplw; nraw;ghLfis mbnahw;wpajhfNt tFg;giw elj;ijfs; mikAk; vd;gij kdq; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; khztupd; mwpTj;jsj;Jf;F Vw;wthW ghlj;jpl;lkply; mikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ fy;tpapaypy; typAWj;jg;gLk; xu; mbg;gilf; fUj;jhf ghlj; jpl;lkplypy; khztupd; gd;Kfg;ghLfs; fUj;Jhd;wp Nef;fg;glNtz;bAs;s .NkYk; ghlj;jpl;lkply; vd;gJ rhu;G epiy nfhz;lJ mjhtJ Fw;g;gpl;l xU jpl;lkpLk; Kiwjhd; rupahdJ vd;w thjpl KbahJ .

                                          

                                               ghlj;jpl;lkply; vOj;JU kw;Wk; nraYU vd;w ,uz;L gupkhdq;fisf; nfhz;lJ vOj;JUtpy; rpwg;gile;J nraYUtpy; gpd;dile;jpUe;jhy; mJ rpwe;j ghlj;jpl;lkplyhff; nfhs;sg;glkhl;lhJ Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ntw;wpia kjpg;gpLjy;  ve;jg;ghlj;jpl;lkplypYk; .,lk;ngw Ntz;ba gpujhd nraYWg;G MFk; khztu; xt;nthU tUk; jkJ Rakjpg;igmwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F ghlj;jpl;lkply; toptFj;Jf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

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